Some people say Christianity was forced on your ancestors to keep them quiet. If you believe, that charge goes beyond history. It suggests your faith is a leftover from the people who held the whip, and that holding it makes you complicit. This study works on that question. How do you keep both your faith and your identity once you know what enslavers tried to do with the Bible?
Here is the answer this guide will test. The record shows that enslavers tried to make Christianity a tool of control. It also shows that the faith was African long before the slave trade, and that enslaved believers took it back and read it against their captors. You do not have to give up your history to keep your faith, and you do not have to give up your faith to honor your history. You can work through the guide alone with a notebook or with a group over one or two sessions. The exercises ask you to compare sources and read texts closely. You will not be asked to prove how Black or how Christian you are.
Whose story is the docile story telling?
In a Jude 3 Project podcast conversation with theologian Dr. Walter Strickland, Lisa Fields named the charge plainly: “there’s this narrative and culture that Christianity made our ancestors docile.” She also said what it does to the people it describes. It “really paints our ancestors in a bad light.”
Look closely at that second line. The docility claim is usually offered as a critique of Christianity. Its real target, though, is the enslaved. It says they could not tell a gift from a leash, so it denies them minds of their own. A believer today can feel that charge as if it were aimed at them personally, because it suggests their faith repeats an old failure to think.
Before you answer the charge, ask the analyst’s question: whose experience is being described, and from what period? The docility story treats “the enslaved” as one group with one response. Strickland’s account describes several. Some believers fled. Some sheltered people who were fleeing. Others stayed in bondage and endured. He also names Christian intellectuals, poets and missionaries. A claim that flattens all of these people into one passive crowd should make you suspicious from the start.
Observe first: Write down the version of this charge you have heard most often, in the words you heard it. Who said it? Was it a professor, a relative, a friend who left church, or something you read? Note whether it was about origins (where the faith came from), about intent (what enslavers wanted), or about effect (what the faith actually did to people). Many people find that one sentence was doing all three jobs at once.
Before the ship
Strickland deliberately starts his history of African American Christianity somewhere other than America. “I think we can’t talk about the story of African American Christianity without talking about Africa,” he said, because “people often assume that Christianity was introduced to Africans through the transatlantic slave trade, which is not the truth.”
Scripture shows this before any historian does. Read Acts 8:26-39 slowly. The man on the desert road is introduced this way: “And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship” (Acts 8:27). He is not a captive. He is a senior official who had travelled to worship. He is reading Isaiah when Philip meets him, and he asks for baptism himself.
This is narrative. It describes what happened and does not command anything. What it describes still matters for belonging. An African man’s question about Scripture is part of the church’s earliest record, and the Bible tells it without treating him as an exception.
On this point Jude 3 Project speaks as an institution. Jude 3 teaches that Christianity is not foreign to Africa, that the faith has deep and ancient African roots, and that African and African-descended believers do not have to choose between their heritage and their faith.
Read Psalm 68:31 as well: “Princes shall come out of Egypt; Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God.” This is Hebrew poetry, a vision of the nations turning to Israel’s God. It is not a prophecy about any modern people group, and it should not be read as one. It does show something real, though. From early on, Scripture pictured African peoples reaching toward God and being welcomed.
A caution for groups: Facilitators should expect someone to say that ancient Ethiopia means little to a person enslaved in Georgia. That objection is fair. The African roots of the faith answer where Christianity came from. They do not settle what enslavers did with it. Let both points stand before you move on.
Separating the faith from the people who used it
The hardest identity question is not about where Christianity started. It is about whether you can trust a faith your ancestors’ owners also claimed. Strickland says enslaved believers faced exactly this problem and solved it with a distinction.
He describes Frederick Douglass, who is remembered mostly as an abolitionist but was also a Christian. In Strickland’s summary, Douglass set the Christianity of the Bible against the Christianity of his captors and refused to let the second define the first. Strickland calls this part of “a consistent witness” running “in African American Christianity of not looking to the misuse of the faith and wielding it against people to be the final answer.” Believers instead drew on the Spirit’s help “to parse out what’s biblical, what’s unbiblical, accept this and reject this.”
Lisa Fields reported a related finding from Dr. Cheryl Sanders, who studied slave narratives and kept meeting the same reply when enslaved people were asked why they believed their enslavers’ religion: “because I met Jesus.” Lisa’s reading of that answer was that “meeting Jesus actually helped them filter through the counterfeit Christianity.” Strickland explained what the short answer carried: “I met a man who knew all that I was, accepted me for all that I am, and is able to not just leave me there.”
Notice the reasoning. The enslaved did not separate the faith from its abusers by shrinking the faith. They did it by knowing Christ well enough to recognize when his name was being forged. Their identity did not rest on the master’s preaching. It rested on a person the master could not control.
That is also why the movement Strickland describes was not merely a reaction. Enslavers, in his words, gave a faith “for the purpose of making them docile, but they reclaimed the faith.” They read Scripture for themselves “in the invisible institution,” his term for hidden worship in the slave quarters. Some looked to the Exodus and concluded that “God freed his people from slavery once He’s going to do it again.” Some, he says, were convinced “it’s not in God’s will for us to be enslaved to anybody.”
Practice: read past the place where they told you to stop
A trimmed text is a passage quoted only as far as it serves the person quoting it. This exercise trains you to notice one. Do it on paper.
- Read Ephesians 6:5 alone: “Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters according to the flesh, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as unto Christ.” Write one sentence on what a listener would conclude if this verse were the whole sermon.
- Now read Ephesians 6:5-9 through to the end. Verse 9 turns to the masters: “And, ye masters, do the same things unto them, forbearing threatening: knowing that your Master also is in heaven; neither is there respect of persons with him.” Write down what changes. Who is now under authority? Whom does God favor?
- Read 1 Corinthians 7:20-23, the chapter Strickland says was misused, and stop on verse 23: “Ye are bought with a price; be not ye the servants of men.” Note how the whole passage moves the believer’s ownership away from any human master.
- Be honest about the limits. Paul’s letters address slavery as it existed in the Roman world, and faithful interpreters still debate how these instructions applied there. The exercise does not claim Paul wrote an abolition manifesto. It asks a smaller question: does the full passage support the use someone made of one verse?
Then try this with a source. Strickland’s second volume, by his own description, collects primary sources from the history he tells, including sermons, prayers, correspondence, autobiography and poems by Phillis Wheatley. Choose one primary text from African American Christian history, or one spiritual, and read it whole. Ask four questions. Who is speaking, and when? Which Scripture do they use? Does the text accept the master’s reading, reject it, or do something else? What does the speaker believe about God apart from their circumstances? Record what the text says before you record what you wish it said.
Not only a story about suffering
A believer can swap the docile caricature for a resistance caricature and make the same mistake in reverse. Strickland warns that “the story of African American Christianity is not one big reaction against oppression.” He wanted readers to see “the beauty that emerged from the ashes of this lived experience.” He also put it more briefly. People tend to see the enslaved as only “to be pitied,” he said, “But there was power there.”
He points to that power in many forms. He describes Black Christians who carried the gospel to Native peoples. He describes Betsy Stockton, whom he counts among the earliest single missionaries of any background, who went to the islands now called Hawaii. He names poets as well as preachers. These are his historical claims, and readers can check them in the documents. They do show that the faith these believers held was not only a way to survive. It also sent them out to others.
This bears on your identity now. Strickland reported Martin Delany’s view that “the black church is the alpha and the Omega of the community,” and he argued that the shape has changed since. Today Black Christians carry their faith into schools, social work and other fields beyond the church building. Asked whether the Black church has failed its community, he answered that “black Christians are still faithful.” His own story is part of this. He said that even in seminary “I wondered, is this the faith for me,” because no one had shown him how “African Americans embodied faithfulness to Christ in the circumstances in which they were dealing with.” He found the answer in the history, and the history kept him in the faith.
One more distinction keeps identity in its place. Jude 3 Project holds that before any adjective, we are Christian, and that comes first even before being Black. That ordering does not erase heritage. It means heritage is honored inside a belonging that no enslaver handed out and no critic can take away.
Questions for discussion
- The docility claim tends to describe the enslaved as one group. Which people in this study complicate that picture, and what does each one add?
- Douglass and others separated the Christianity of the Bible from the Christianity of their captors. What test would you use today to tell faithful teaching from a counterfeit? Could your test be misused?
- Strickland admits his own crisis about whether the faith was for him. Has anyone close to you left the faith over this charge? How would you restate their reasons fairly before you responded?
- In the trimmed-text exercise, what surprised you? Can you think of a passage you have only ever heard quoted in part?
- What does the Ethiopian official in Acts 8 change, and what does it leave unchanged, in how you think about belonging?
- Strickland warns against telling this history as nothing but reaction to oppression. What is lost when faith becomes only a strategy for resistance?
- Which claim in this guide would you most want to check in a primary source, and why?
For whoever leads: Some people in the room may be holding faith loosely because of this history, and some may have family members who walked away over it. Do not treat their doubt as something to fix in one meeting. Let people decide whether to share personal stories. Keep two truths side by side: enslavers really did distort Scripture, and the faith really was African long before slavery. If the group lets one swallow the other, stop and set them back side by side.
Something to carry this week
Galatians 3:28 reads, “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.” Paul is not saying these differences disappear. He is saying none of them decides who belongs to Christ. Enslaved believers who met in secret to read Scripture were acting on that claim when it cost them to do so.
Before the week ends, write two sentences. In the first, say what you now know about where your faith came from, plainly enough to say it from memory. In the second, name one thing you still need to check, and where you will look. Strong belief can include open questions, and those believers faced harder ones with far less access to the text than you have.